Nonlinear acoustic phenomena tune the adults’ facial thermal response to baby cries with the cry amplitude envelope

A new article on the use of thermography: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2025.0150.

I am very proud of this innovative article. The first thermal image processing codes used Red and Rebol-3.

Yolo CDD

Our latest article using YOLO is here: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11078264.

Using FLIR cameras for research

The IR cameras from FLIR (https://www.flir.fr) are little marvels of technology that can acquire quality IR images. What I like about FLIR is that the data format remains the same regardless of the camera used. For my work in neonatal medicine, I use either the C3 model (basic) or the 650SC model (much more expensive and more powerful).

FLIR generates four types of image. The first is the IR image, whose resolution varies from 320x240 to 640x480 pixels, depending on the camera model. The second is an RGB image, up to six times larger than the IR image. The third image, which can be the same size as the IR image or smaller (80x60 pixels).  It contains temperatures in degrees Celsius. Finally, the last image is the color palette of the IR image. So you can imagine all the calculations that have to be made to obtain comparable images. You'll find various toolkits in Python, MatLab, R... that allow you to process these different images. Unfortunately, these libraries are not universal and often depend on other libraries that are not easy to install.

That's why, as part of the Virginia project (https://uniter2p2.fr/projets/), I designed an easy-to-use FLIR image processing module for the Red and Rebol 3 languages.

THE FLIR MODULE

This module has been tested with various FLIR cameras. Its main function is to decode the metadata contained in a radiometric file and extract the visible image (RGB), the infrared image (IR), the color palette associated with the IR image and the temperatures associated with each pixel.

This module calls on two external programs that are installed by default on macOS and Linux.

ExifTool (https://exiftool.org), written and maintained by Phil Harvey, is a fabulous program written in Perl that lets you read and write the metadata of a large number of computer files. ExifTool supports FLIR files. It runs on all MacOs, Linux and Windows platforms.

ImageMagick (https://imagemagick.org/index.php) is an open-source software package comprising a library and a set of command-line utilities for creating, converting, modifying and displaying images in a wide range of formats. The FLIR module essentially uses the magick utility for MacOs and Linux versions. For Windows, use a portable version that supports 16-bit images (https://imagemagick.org/archive/binaries/ImageMagick-7.1.0-60-portable-Q16-x64.zip) and the magick command.

The module calls for:

rcvGetFlirMetaData: This function takes the name of the FLIR file as a parameter (in the form of a character string). It returns all the information in the patient's irtmp/exif.red file in a format that can be directly processed by Red or Rebol 3.

rcvGetVisibleImage: This function extracts the RGB image from the FLIR file and saves it in the irtmp/rgb.jpg file.

rcvGetFlirPalette: Extracts the color palette contained in the FLIR file and samples it for a linear range of values [0..255]. The extracted image is saved as irtmp/palette.png.

rcvMakeRedPalette: Exports the color palette as a block for fast processing with Red or Rebol 3.

rcvGetFlirRawData: Extracts raw temperature data (in 16-bit format) into the irtmp/rawimg.png file.

rcvGetPlanckValues: Retrieves all constants required for accurate temperature calculations.

rcvGetImageTemperatures: This function uses the previous two functions to calculate the temperature of each image pixel as an integer value. It creates the image tmp/celsius.pgm. This is a 16-bit image with a maximum value of 65535. It's a simple text file containing the image size and the 16-bit values of each pixel.

rcvGetTemperatureAsBlock : The temperatures contained in the irtmp/celsius.pgm image are returned as a real value (e.g. 37.2) in the block passed as a parameter to the function. This is a dynamic calculation.

WHY IMAGES ALIGNMENT IS FUNDAMENTAL?

The neural networks we use to identify babies' bodies have not been trained on thermal images, which are difficult to process, but work very well with RGB images. Once the baby's body is correctly identified in the RGB image, we can use the resulting body mask to retrieve the temperatures in the thermal image.  Obviously, we can't use the RGB image directly, but the RGB image aligned with the thermal image. 

In previous versions of Virginia, I wrote a rather complicated algorithm for aligning thermal and IR images. Studying the code, I found that it was possible to make it simpler. There are three values that will help us: Real2IR, offsetX and offsetY, which come from the rcvGetFlirMetaData function. Real2IR allows us to calculate the ratio between the RGB image and the thermal image.  OffsetX and offsetY are the X and Y offset coordinates to be applied to find the origins of the ROI in the RGB image. If these values are equal to 0, alignment is not required.

The result is perfect!

The code for Rebol 3 is here:

https://github.com/ldci/FLIR

The code for Red is here:

https://github.com/ldci/redCV/blob/master/samples/image_thermal/Flir/align.red

Gnuplot

I really like Gnuplot (http://www.gnuplot.info), a command-line utility for creating sophisticated graphics. It's in line with Red and Rebol's philosophy: Keep It Simple (KIS). Here's an example:

#!/usr/local/bin/gnuplot -persist
set hidden3d
set isosamples 50,50
set ticslevel 0
set pm3d
set palette defined (0 "black", 0.25 "blue", 0.5 "green", 0.75 "yellow", 1 "red")
splot sin(sqrt(x**2+y**2))/sqrt(x**2+y**2)

And the result:

Just in a few lines of code. Great!
 

Statistics on image

With Red or Rebol R3, the vector! type is ideal for fast numerical calculations. 

Recently, Oldes has introduced new properties for vectors in R3 that allow you to obtain the descriptive statistics of a vector in one basic step. Great work!

An example

#!/usr/local/bin/r3
REBOL [ 
]
vect: #(float64! [1.62 1.72 1.64 1.7 1.78 1.64 1.65 1.64 1.66 1.74])
print query vect object!

The result:

signed: #(true)

type: decimal!

size: 64

length: 10

minimum: 1.62

maximum: 1.78

range: 0.16

sum: 16.79

mean: 1.679

median: 1.655

variance: 0.02529

population-deviation: 0.0502891638427206

sample-deviation: 0.0530094331227943

But this can also be applied to images!

An example 

#!/usr/local/bin/r3

REBOL [ 

]

cv: import 'opencv

with cv [

filename: %../images/lena.png         ; --use your own image

mat: imread/with filename 2 ;--read as grayscale image with one channel

imshow/name mat filename ;--display the image  with file name as title

moveWindow filename 200x10 ;--move window

vect: get-property mat MAT_VECTOR ;--get matrix values as a vector    

print query vect object!

print "A key to quit"

waitKey 0

]

The result:

signed: #(false)

type: integer!

size: 8

length: 65536

minimum: 2

maximum: 225

range: 223

sum: 4377641

mean: 66.7975006103516

median: 64.0

variance: 126148517.630557

population-deviation: 43.87338169177

sample-deviation: 43.873716422939

Efficient :)

 

K-means algorithm

 The K-means algorithm is a well-known unsupervised algorithm for clustering that can be used for data analysis, image segmentation, semi-supervised learning... The k-means clustering algorithm is an exclusive method: a data point can exist in only one cluster.

K-means is an iterative centroid-based clustering algorithm that partitions a dataset into similar groups based on the distance between their centroids. The centroid (or cluster center) is either the mean or the median of all points.

Given a set of points and an integer k, the algorithm aims to divide the points into k groups, called clusters, that are homogeneous.

In this sample we generate a set of aleatory points in an image.

For processing data, we create a Red/Rebol object such as 

;--an object for storing values (points and clusters)

point: object [

x: 0.0 ;--x position

y: 0.0 ;--y position

group: 0 ;--cluster number (label)

]

The first step is to randomly define k centroids and associate them with k labels. Then, for each point, we calculate x and y Euclidian distances to the centroids and associate the point with the closest centroid and its corresponding label. This labels our data.

Secondly, we recalculate centroids, which will be the center of gravity of each labeled cluster of points. We repeat these steps until a convergence criterion is reached: centroids no longer move from the previous ones.

You will find the documented code for Red and Rebol 3 here:

 https://github.com/ldci/R3_OpenCV_Samples/tree/main/image_kmeans

Compress and Uncompress Images

A few years ago, I presented a way of compressing images with the Red zlib proposed by Bruno Anselme (https://redlcv.blogspot.com/2018/01/image-compression-with-red.html). Since then, Red and Oldes's Rebol 3 have implemented different compression methods that are faster and simpler to use. 

Both languages feature a compress function. Input data can be string or binary values, which is useful for RGB images. Returned values are binary. Both languages use lossless compression methods. 

Red and R3 share the following methods: 

deflate: A lossless data compression format that combines the LZ77 algorithm with Huffman coding.

zlib: Implements the deflate compression algorithm and can create files in gzip format. This library is widely used, due to its small size, efficiency and flexibility.

gzip: gzip is based on the deflate algorithm.

R3 adds a few more algorithms: 

br: Compression Brotli. A fast alternative to GZIP compression proposed by Google.

crush: A lossless compression package developed by the NASA.

lzma: Lempel-Ziv-Markov chain algorithm, is a lossless data compression algorithm.

As these methods are variations on deflate compression, the compression ratio doesn't vary much from one method to another. The difference is in the speed of compression.

 

Of course, both languages have a decompress function. Input data is binary, and the method used must be the same as that chosen for compression.   

Here's a minimalist example of code for Red and R3.  

method: 'zlib ;--a word

img: load %../pictures/in.png         ;--use your own image

bin: img/rgb ;--image as RGB binary

print ["Method    :" form method]

print ["Image size:" img/size]

print ["Before compression:" nU: length? bin]

t: dt [cImg: compress bin method]         ;--R3/Red compress

print ["After  compression:" nC: length? cImg]

ratio: round/to 1.0 - (nC / nU) * 100 0.01                 ;--compression ratio

print ["Compression :" form ratio "%"]

print ["Compress    :" third t * 1000  "ms"]                 ;--in msec

t: dt [uImg: decompress cImg method]         ;--R3/Red decompress

print ["Decompress  :" third t * 1000  "ms"]                 ;--in msec

print ["After decompression:" length? uImg]

The result:

Method    : zlib

Image size: 1920x1280

Before compression: 7372800

After  compression: 4011092

Compression : 45.6 %

Compress    : 46.298 ms

Decompress  : 26.706 ms

After decompression: 7372800

Fast and efficient!